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For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline, see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms).
For the twentieth century periods of conflict in Ireland, see The Troubles.
The
Time of Troubles (
Russian language: Смутное время,
Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of
History of Russia comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of the Muscovy Tsar Feodor I of Russia of the Rurik Dynasty in
1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in
1613. to raise a volunteer army against the Poles.
After Feodor's death without issue, his
brother-in-law and closest adviser, boyar Boris Godunov, was elected his successor by a Zemsky Sobor. Godunov's short reign (
1598–
1605) was not as successful as his administration under the weak Feodor. Extremely poor harvests were encountered in
1601-
1603, with nighttime temperatures in all summer months often below freezing, wrecking cropsBorisenkov E, Pasetski V. The thousand-year annals of the extreme meteorological phenomena. ISBN 5-244-00212-0, p.190. Widespread hunger led to mass starvations; the government distributed money and foodstuffs for poor people in Moscow, but that only lead to refugees flocking to the capital and increasing the economic disorganization. The
oligarchy faction, headed by the Romanovs, considered it a disgrace to obey a mere
boyar;
Conspiracy (political) were frequent; the rural districts were desolated by famine and plague; great bands of armed brigands roamed the country committing all manner of atrocities; the
Cossacks on the frontier were restless; and the government showed itself incapable of maintaining order.
Under the influence of the great nobles who had unsuccessfully opposed the election of Godunov, the general discontent took the form of hostility to him as a usurper, and rumours were heard that the late tsar's younger brother Dmitry Ivanovich, supposed to be dead, was still alive and in hiding. In 1603 a False Dmitriy I - first of the so-called False Dmitris - and professing to be the rightful heir to the throne, appeared in the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact the younger son of
Ivan the Terrible had been stabbed to death before his brother's death, allegedly by Godunov's order; and the mysterious individual who was impersonating him was an impostor but was regarded as the rightful heir by a large section of the population and gathered support both in Muscovy and outside its borders, particularly in the Commonwealth and the Papal States. Factions in the Commonwealth saw him as a tool to extend their influence over Muscovy, or at least gain wealth in return for their support; the Papacy saw it as an opportunity to increase the hold of Roman Catholic Church over the
Russian Orthodox Church Muscovy.A few months later he crossed the frontier with a small force of 4,000 Poles, Lithuanians, Russian exiles, German mercenaries and Cossacks from the Dnieper and the Don River, Russia, in what marked the beginning of the Commonwealth intervention in Muscovy, or the
Dymitriads wars. Although the Commonwealth had not officially declared war on Muscovy (as its king, Sigismund III Vasa, was opposed to the intervention), some powerful
magnates decided to support False Dmitri with their own forces and money, expecting rich rewards afterwards. Dmitri was married per procura to Marina Mniszech, and immediately after Boris's death in 1605 he made his triumphal entry into Moscow.
The reign of Dmitri was short. Before a year had passed a conspiracy was formed against him by an ambitious
Rurikid knyaz called
Vasily Shuisky, and he was murdered soon after his marriage in the Moscow Kremlin, together with many of his supporters who were brutally massacred John Stevens Cabot Abbott
The Empire of Russia "The murderers ransacked the palace, penetrating every room, killing every Polish man and treating the Polish ladies with the utmost brutality". It is estimated that 2,000 Poles were murdered by Shuisky and his men. The reaction to the massacre in Poland was strong, but it was decided to postpone revenge against those eventsJohn Stevens Cabot Abbott
The Empire of Russia "The Poles were exasperated beyond measure at the massacre of so many of their nobles and at the insult offered to Mariana, the tzarina. But Poland was at that time distracted by civil strife, and the king found it expedient to postpone the hour of vengeance". The chief conspirator, Shuisky, seized power and was elected tsar by an assembly composed of his faction, but neither the Muscovite boyars, nor the Commonwealth magnates, nor the pillaging Cossacks, nor the German mercenaries were satisfied with the change, and soon a new impostor, likewise False Dmitriy II, son and heir of Ivan the Terrible, came forward as the rightful heir. Like his predecessor, he enjoyed the protection and support of the Polish-Lithuanian magnates. However after Shuisky De la Gardie Campaign, the
king of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, seeing the Muscovy-Swedish alliance as a threat, now resolved to officially Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618). (
1804–1816) in front of
Saint Basil's CathedralPolish-Lithuanian troops crossed the Russian borders and lay
Siege of Smolensk (1609–11). After the combined Russo-Swedish forces were destroyed at the Battle of Klushino, Shuisky was forced to abdicate. False Dmitrii II wasn't able to gain the throne, however, because the Polish commander, hetman
Stanisław Żółkiewski put forward a rival candidate in the person of Sigismund's son,
Wladislaus IV of Poland. To this latter some people in Moscow swore allegiance on condition of his maintaining
Russian Orthodoxy and granting certain privileges to them. On this understanding the Polish troops were allowed to enter the city and occupy
the Kremlin.
The Polish king, however, opposed the compromise, deciding to take the throne for himself and to convert Russia to Roman Catholicism. This scheme did not please any of the contending factions and it roused the
anti-Catholic and anti-Polish sentiments of the nation. At the same time it was displeasing to the Swedes, who had become
Polish-Swedish wars on the
Ingria, and they Ingrian War, supporting a
False Dmitriy III in
Ivangorod.
Russia was now in a very critical condition. The throne was vacant; the great nobles (boyars) quarrelled among themselves; Orthodox Patriarch Hermogenes was imprisoned; Catholic Poles occupied the
Moscow Kremlin and Smolensk; the
Protestant Swedes occupied
Novgorod; and enormous bands of brigands swarmed everywhere. Tens of thousands were dying in battles and riots; on March 17-19, 1611, the Poles and German mercenaries suppressing riots in Moscow massacred 7000 muscovites and set the city on fire
Sergey Solovyov History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8 and many other cities were also devastated or weakened. F.e. on September 22, 1612, the Poles and Lithuanians exterminated the population and clergy of Vologda.
Sergey Solovyov History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8
The severity of the crisis produced a remedy, in the form of a patriotic rising of the nation under the leadership of
Kuzma Minin, a
Nizhny Novgorod merchant, and
Dmitry Pozharsky. After battle for Moscow on October 22
Old StyleSergey Solovyov
History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8 (
November 1 New Style), the invaders retreated to the Kremlin, and on 24-27 October O.S.Nikolay Kostomarov
Russian History in Biographies of its main figures Chap. 30. (November 3-6 N.S.) the nearby Polish army was forced to retreat. The garrison in the Kremlin surrendered to the triumphant Pozharsky.
November 4 Russia officially celebrates the anniversary of this event as a
Public holidays in Russia.
A
Zemsky Sobor elected as tsar
Mikhail I of Russia, the young son of the Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov), who was connected by marriage with the late dynasty and according to the legend had been saved from the enemies by a heroic peasant, Ivan Susanin.
The Ingrian Wars against Sweden lasted until the Treaty of Stolbovo in
1617 and the
Dymitriads wars against the Commonwealth would last until the
Peace of Deulino in 1619. Both forced Muscovy to make some territorial concessions, though the majority of them would be regained over the coming centuries. Most importantly, the crisis was instrumental in unifying all classes of the Russian society around the
Romanov tsars and laid foundations for the powerful Russian Empire.
Notes
See also
References
Further reading
- Dunning, Chester S.L. Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02074-1
{{succession box|title=
List of Russian rulers(throne claimed by
Władysław IV)|before=Vasili IV of Russia|after=
Michael I of Russia|years=
1610–1613-->
For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline, see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms).
For the twentieth century periods of conflict in Ireland, see The Troubles.
The
Time of Troubles (Russian language: Смутное время,
Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of History of Russia comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of the
Muscovy Tsar Feodor I of Russia of the Rurik Dynasty in
1598 and the establishment of the
Romanov Dynasty in
1613. to raise a volunteer army against the Poles.
After Feodor's death without issue, his
brother-in-law and closest adviser,
boyar Boris Godunov, was elected his successor by a
Zemsky Sobor. Godunov's short reign (
1598–1605) was not as successful as his administration under the weak Feodor. Extremely poor harvests were encountered in
1601-1603, with nighttime temperatures in all summer months often below freezing, wrecking cropsBorisenkov E, Pasetski V. The thousand-year annals of the extreme meteorological phenomena. ISBN 5-244-00212-0, p.190. Widespread hunger led to mass starvations; the government distributed money and foodstuffs for poor people in Moscow, but that only lead to refugees flocking to the capital and increasing the economic disorganization. The oligarchy faction, headed by the Romanovs, considered it a disgrace to obey a mere boyar;
Conspiracy (political) were frequent; the rural districts were desolated by famine and plague; great bands of armed brigands roamed the country committing all manner of atrocities; the
Cossacks on the frontier were restless; and the government showed itself incapable of maintaining order.
Under the influence of the great nobles who had unsuccessfully opposed the election of Godunov, the general discontent took the form of hostility to him as a usurper, and rumours were heard that the late tsar's younger brother Dmitry Ivanovich, supposed to be dead, was still alive and in hiding. In
1603 a False Dmitriy I - first of the so-called False Dmitris - and professing to be the rightful heir to the throne, appeared in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact the younger son of
Ivan the Terrible had been stabbed to death before his brother's death, allegedly by Godunov's order; and the mysterious individual who was impersonating him was an
impostor but was regarded as the rightful heir by a large section of the population and gathered support both in Muscovy and outside its borders, particularly in the Commonwealth and the Papal States. Factions in the Commonwealth saw him as a tool to extend their influence over Muscovy, or at least gain wealth in return for their support; the Papacy saw it as an opportunity to increase the hold of
Roman Catholic Church over the
Russian Orthodox Church Muscovy.A few months later he crossed the frontier with a small force of 4,000 Poles, Lithuanians, Russian exiles, German mercenaries and Cossacks from the Dnieper and the Don River, Russia, in what marked the beginning of the Commonwealth intervention in Muscovy, or the
Dymitriads wars. Although the Commonwealth had not officially declared war on Muscovy (as its king, Sigismund III Vasa, was opposed to the intervention), some powerful magnates decided to support False Dmitri with their own forces and money, expecting rich rewards afterwards. Dmitri was married per procura to
Marina Mniszech, and immediately after Boris's death in 1605 he made his triumphal entry into
Moscow.
The reign of Dmitri was short. Before a year had passed a conspiracy was formed against him by an ambitious
Rurikid knyaz called Vasily Shuisky, and he was murdered soon after his marriage in the Moscow Kremlin, together with many of his supporters who were brutally massacred
John Stevens Cabot Abbott The Empire of Russia "The murderers ransacked the palace, penetrating every room, killing every Polish man and treating the Polish ladies with the utmost brutality". It is estimated that 2,000 Poles were murdered by Shuisky and his men. The reaction to the massacre in Poland was strong, but it was decided to postpone revenge against those eventsJohn Stevens Cabot Abbott
The Empire of Russia "The Poles were exasperated beyond measure at the massacre of so many of their nobles and at the insult offered to Mariana, the tzarina. But Poland was at that time distracted by civil strife, and the king found it expedient to postpone the hour of vengeance". The chief conspirator, Shuisky, seized power and was elected tsar by an assembly composed of his faction, but neither the Muscovite boyars, nor the Commonwealth magnates, nor the pillaging Cossacks, nor the German mercenaries were satisfied with the change, and soon a new impostor, likewise False Dmitriy II, son and heir of Ivan the Terrible, came forward as the rightful heir. Like his predecessor, he enjoyed the protection and support of the Polish-Lithuanian magnates. However after Shuisky
De la Gardie Campaign, the king of Poland,
Sigismund III Vasa, seeing the Muscovy-Swedish alliance as a threat, now resolved to officially
Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618). (
1804–1816) in front of
Saint Basil's CathedralPolish-Lithuanian troops crossed the Russian borders and lay
Siege of Smolensk (1609–11). After the combined Russo-Swedish forces were destroyed at the
Battle of Klushino, Shuisky was forced to abdicate. False Dmitrii II wasn't able to gain the throne, however, because the Polish commander, hetman
Stanisław Żółkiewski put forward a rival candidate in the person of Sigismund's son,
Wladislaus IV of Poland. To this latter some people in Moscow swore allegiance on condition of his maintaining
Russian Orthodoxy and granting certain privileges to them. On this understanding the Polish troops were allowed to enter the city and occupy
the Kremlin.
The
Polish king, however, opposed the compromise, deciding to take the throne for himself and to convert Russia to
Roman Catholicism. This scheme did not please any of the contending factions and it roused the
anti-Catholic and anti-Polish sentiments of the nation. At the same time it was displeasing to the Swedes, who had become
Polish-Swedish wars on the
Ingria, and they Ingrian War, supporting a
False Dmitriy III in Ivangorod.
Russia was now in a very critical condition. The throne was vacant; the great nobles (boyars) quarrelled among themselves; Orthodox
Patriarch Hermogenes was imprisoned; Catholic
Poles occupied the Moscow Kremlin and Smolensk; the Protestant Swedes occupied Novgorod; and enormous bands of brigands swarmed everywhere. Tens of thousands were dying in battles and riots; on March 17-19, 1611, the Poles and German mercenaries suppressing riots in Moscow massacred 7000 muscovites and set the city on fire
Sergey Solovyov History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8 and many other cities were also devastated or weakened. F.e. on September 22, 1612, the Poles and Lithuanians exterminated the population and clergy of Vologda.
Sergey Solovyov History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8
The severity of the crisis produced a remedy, in the form of a patriotic rising of the nation under the leadership of
Kuzma Minin, a Nizhny Novgorod merchant, and Dmitry Pozharsky. After battle for Moscow on October 22 Old StyleSergey Solovyov
History of Russia from the Earliest Times Vol. 8 (
November 1 New Style), the invaders retreated to the Kremlin, and on 24-27 October O.S.
Nikolay Kostomarov Russian History in Biographies of its main figures Chap. 30. (November 3-6 N.S.) the nearby Polish army was forced to retreat. The garrison in the Kremlin surrendered to the triumphant Pozharsky.
November 4 Russia officially celebrates the anniversary of this event as a Public holidays in Russia.
A Zemsky Sobor elected as tsar Mikhail I of Russia, the young son of the
Patriarch Filaret (Feodor Romanov), who was connected by marriage with the late dynasty and according to the legend had been saved from the enemies by a heroic peasant,
Ivan Susanin.
The
Ingrian Wars against Sweden lasted until the
Treaty of Stolbovo in
1617 and the
Dymitriads wars against the Commonwealth would last until the Peace of Deulino in
1619. Both forced Muscovy to make some territorial concessions, though the majority of them would be regained over the coming centuries. Most importantly, the crisis was instrumental in unifying all classes of the Russian society around the
Romanov tsars and laid foundations for the powerful
Russian Empire.
Notes
See also
- Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618)
References
Further reading
- Dunning, Chester S.L. Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02074-1
{{succession box|title=
List of Russian rulers(throne claimed byWładysław IV)|before=Vasili IV of Russia|after=Michael I of Russia|years=
1610–1613-->
Time of Troubles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian ...
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Centre for the Study of Public Policy. University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK ... Title: RUSSIAN POLITICAL CULTURE IN A TIME OF TROUBLES Yaroslavl' 1990-96
Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Time of Troubles, also known as the Arrival, Godswar, and Avatar Crisis, was a cataclysmic time period in the chronology of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting [1] of the ...
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Troubles, Time definition of Troubles, Time in the Free Online ...
Troubles, Time of (1606–13) Period of political crisis in Russia. After the death of Fyodor I and the end of the Rurik dynasty (1598), the boyars opposed the rule of Boris ...
Time of Troubles - Forgotten Realms Wiki
The Time of Troubles, also known as the Arrival, the Godswar and the Avatar Crisis, was a cataclysmic time period in the chronology of the Faerûn.[citation needed ...
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